Advancements Of Science And Technology - 890 Words

Science and technology has been the basis for mankind since the beginning of time. It has improved the way humans live on the earth, and has refined the physical and social concepts on which mankind thrive upon. Transhumanists suggest we, as humans, through developing technologies, can refine our psychological, physical and intellectual abilities. Throughout time science and technology, has helped humans better ready themselves from natural disasters, improved the perspective on the geography of the earth and around it, as well as defined different cultures and societies around the globe. As much as technology has been criticized, it has even more developed the way of living and has made communication around the world easier and faster. Inventions and innovations have helped improve the way humans adapt and the quality of life. Science has helped determined, and helped prevent natural disasters. These fatal threats risk all living things on Earth. The advancement in technology has assisted in the protection from these catastrophic events. Before the technology that is available today, elders predicted weather through natural patterns that would help forecast the weather. Today, meteorologists use technology that is able to use the patterns to better predict more detailed weather conditions. By means of technology, monitoring severe weather systems, for example a tornado is really simple. Unlike hurricanes, the formation of tornadoes is harder to detect, but through theShow MoreRelatedThe Advancements Of Science And Technology1581 Words   |  7 Pageswork together to give us our desired quality of life. From food production, environmental conservation, possible cures for illnesses, etc., to understand how the things around us operate, we must be able to comprehend the science behind it. The advancements in science and technology were achieved because of the curious nature and perseverance of scientists from the past to present. Numerous experiments and research conducted, whether it was successful or not, contributed to our current knowledge aboutRead MoreAdvancement in Science and Technology1790 Words   |  8 PagesADVANCEMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The Bahà ¡Ãƒ ­ Faith has, since its inception over 100 years ago, considered science and technology essential to the full development of the individual and of society. It has always regarded development as an all-encompassing process -- including the physical, mental, and spiritual well-being of all peoples -- and has considered that science and technology, channeled properly, can help to achieve this goal for all nations. The Bahà ¡Ãƒ ­ world community has also stressedRead MoreAdvancements Of The Field Of Science And Technology1557 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In just the first decade of the 21st century, exponential advancements have been made in the field of science and technology. Computing capabilities have grown multifold and we are now consuming information in measures of exabytes, which could soon cross over into zettabytes. In fact, it was estimated in 2011 that all of the computers in the world collectively crunched 9.57 zettabytes (Turnbull, 2011). All this information has created a dependency on machines to deliver results in theRead MoreScience Fiction, And, Star Wars And The Time Machine1487 Words   |  6 PagesScience fiction, a genre which has elapsed over decades in the industry, has gained many followers in its several forms of media. Science fiction, in the same sense, has also been analyzed for its value and has received many â€Å"Authorities† in the sense that these individuals allow for a more comprehensive look at this type of genre. Different types of subgenres have emerged due to the enhancement of â€Å" New Trains of Thought† produced by these â€Å"Authorities† and have taken this genre into a new perspectiveRead MoreThe Importance Of Science And Technology1352 Words   |  6 PagesThe importance of science and technology cannot be overlooked from our day to day lives. It has revolutionized the way we live. The creation of virtual spaces where distances do not matter, the bigger and better health care facilities which are now available, the effectiveness of the physical connectivity, the efficient utilization of the resources to the better ways of living, the use of the technology has definitely improved our standard of living. We are a part of the entire universal system andRead MoreReaction Paper on ‚Äà ºImmortality on Ice‚Äà ¹1555 Words   |  7 Pagesplanning on how to revive a person through the use of nanotechnology that can repair all the cells that were ruptured n the freezing process. The technology that they were referring in the movie is called Cryonics. This Cryonics would enable a man to prolong his life and at the same time be able to revive himself in certain conditions. As a technology, it also has technological system which various aspects. The first aspect is the techniques or human activity-form. In the Cryonics, it was seen onRead MoreJoseph Wright Derby s An Experiment On A Bird943 Words   |  4 Pagesutilize very different media, both works convey the complexity of humanity’s relationship with science and technology. Each piece depicts the struggle of reconciling our past, our humanity, and the brighter future promised by scientific and technological advancements. Joseph Wright’s An Experiment on a Bird in an Air Pump (later referred to as Experiment) was painted during a time of rapid advancements in science and industrialization that spurred the philosophical movement known as the Age of EnlightenmentRead MoreUse Of Special Effects On Science Fiction981 Words   |  4 Pagescategorized by the different styles being expressed in the film. Science fiction was influenced in early films by capturing the animation of different worlds or futures that may seem real but is actually fiction. Science fiction enables viewers to directly witness and understand science used by the corporation of visionary content. Their detailed images bring viewers closer to another world by creating a sense of reality. Science fiction films uses elements such as sounds, language, entertainmentRead MoreThe, Science And Imagination, By Wendel Berry Essay1640 Words   |  7 PagesDualism in Ethical Eights The advancement in technology and science has triggered a new way of thinking among many people. What seems challenging is drawing the limits of this advancement in terms of what is ideal and imperative for humanity. Science seems to provide concrete evidence for its discoveries. However, the increased reliance on scientific discoveries and technology is diminishing the human morals. All these are amidst the emergence of dualities such as religious fundamentalism and scientificRead MoreA Totalitarian World Of The Future1009 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the nature of science and technology and the conditions for technological progress, and how do events of the story establish that view?† DELETE THIS WHEN FINISHED Since the early ages, advancements in technology were caused by people’s curiosity in the world and its functions, resulting in the technologically advanced world we live in today. For instance, the most famous scientists of the Enlightenment of Europe has shaped the current standards of science and technology. Ayn Rand depicts a

Ethics Training In Organization-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Is Formal Ethics Training in Organizations Merely Cosmetic? Answer: Introduction Ethics is concerned as the assessment of good and bad moral standards. It facilitates to identify the nature of an individual or actions. Ethics is enhancing actively by using various theories and experience. Ethics in not applicable on an individual behavior but also it have impact on the business. Business ethics involve norms and standards of conduct governing in the place of work. This essay will be reflected in against way of formal ethics training in organization merely cosmetics. The training of ethics in the workplace is able to create the positive environment at the workplace. As consequences, it has been found that the morale of staff is enhanced and they get ready to help each other. It will be reflecting different theories and models which will help to define the importance of ethics training in the organization. The model can be management morality, ethical decision and behavior and moral philosophy. There are so many advantages of ethics training in the organization and this essay will show the necessity of ethics training within the organization. It has so many advantages. It is necessary for the organization to implement the training of formal ethical programming so that company as well as employee can avoid potential scandals and liabilities Ethical decisions are not that much simple, the definition of ethical is complex. As it has been studied, philosopher argues about the right decision of making ethical decision. In the situation of conflicts, normative frameworks should be involved. It has been analyzed that normative theory has concepts that is the right and the morally good. The concept of right refers roughly behave and comprised with two concepts of action and duty which is considered as wrong not to do. On the other hand the concept of morally good refers smoothly behave which comprises with value and kindness which is considered as the right way to perform ones job. Normative theories have two concepts that are Teleological and Deontological. It included consequentiality framework and deontological framework which consisting the benefits and harms to society of a possible decision (Trevio, Nieuwenboer, and Kish-Gephart, 2014). Along with that deontological framework included the principles of ethics such as rights and justice which is necessary to emphasize the integrity of morality. To being ethical, it is necessary to aware about moral awareness. Moral awareness is considered as the tendency to pay attention in ambiguous situations with moral behavior. I t makes aware someone from harm situation against ideal self state (MacDougall, Bagdasarov, Johnson and Mumford, 2015). Ethical training is necessary for every organization because it is the way which makes aware employees of particular company about the ethics of the company. Psychological approach helps to decide that what is right or what is wrong. It has been stated by Delaney and Sockell, (2012), that decision maker should engage in the process of ethical judgments. Employees of the organization should aware about the ethical nature of the situation. Ethical Awareness Ethical Judgment Ethical Action Initial step as per psychological approach is ethical awareness which include ethical decision making. With the help of ethical awareness, a person identifies a situation of issues are one that arise concern of ethical and must be though about in ethical terms. This step should be taken as an important form bot for granted. It has been stated by Kaptein, M., 2015, that sometimes people are not aware about their surroundings that they are facing an issue with overtones of ethical. For ethical judgments process it is necessary to aware about the issue as an ethical one. To concise ethical awareness one example of work related will be shown below. For instance, if I appointed in a financial service industry. One afternoon, my manager calls me and says that he has to leave early to attend urgent function of his family, and for this he give me responsibility to be on the lookout for an important check that my boss wants signed before the accomplishment of the day. He tells me to do favor for me which was simply sign on the check by his name and forward it to his boss. For me it is a straightforward request. But if I got trained formal ethical training, I would immediately aware about the ethical situation. My manager asked me to engage in forgery which is seriously ethical lapse, especially in ten term of financial industry where is the sign of an individual keep a lot of importance and trust (Ford and Richardson, 2013). With the help of formal ethical training manager of the organization can encourage employees to be more ethically aware through giving training and by sharing issue of employees regarding the ethical issues they are likely to face and try to know the reason that why these issues are becoming so ethically problematic. Figure 1: Ethics decision and behavior model Source :( IBE, 2016) Ethical decision making defines the process of analyzing and opting among alternatives in an effective consistent with ethical principles. The above model of ethical decision making is shown that the characteristics of an individual and organizational has some stages which involve moral awareness, moral judgments, intent and moral behavior. It has been stated by IBE, an ethic based culture will be promoted by the governance of ethics program. It works to engage ethical values in the decision of ethical behavior, operations and process. Subsequently ethics training instills important ethical values such as integrity and accountability within its employees (Warren, et. al., 2014). As per APS physics, there are some case studies which is belong to ethical issues and show the requirement of formal ethics training. The topic of case studies is conflict of interest, data acquisition, mentoring, health and safety and educational concern. In the context of conflict of interest, it has been found by APS Task Force on Ethics Education that there are so many situations has been arisen in which we could stand to benefit personally. Appointment, promotion, demotion, appraisal, salary increment are considered from the perspective of conflict of interest. It is required for the organization to have the knowledge about the ethics training so that one can make aware oneself about ethic behavior and can take action against any issues. Data is the big asset of any organization and it is necessary for every employee to know the importance of data of the company and an individual. It is important to keep the information with full of privacy so that important information could no t get revealed out (Svensson, Wood and Callaghan, 2015). The important information of the company in the wrong hands can be wide issues to its future. Formal ethical training is not merely cosmetic, it helps to learn trainee about ethics of the company in which importance of important components are included. In the case study of educational concern it has been observed that education concern can be less experience, less status and less education. These can take form of conflicts within an organization. Formal ethics training is the training which helps them to learn that each employee has responsibility and he or she has been hired for working. Therefore, it is important to give respect to others otherwise punishment will be there. These kinds of things should be involved in the formal ethics training so that one could not get defamed because of less status (Warren, Gaspar and Laufer, 2014). Health and safety is prior in comparison of anything else. It has been mentioned in the cas e study of APS Task Force on Ethics Education that it is essential to have training that prepares employee of the organization for the hazards that they may face during performing their task. Formal ethics training is the concept which involves laws and regulations regarding healthy and safety. There are so many activities which is done in many organization unethically. The examples of unethical company are Enron, Satyam, Google and many more. It has been while researching that the leaders of Enron are involved in the practice of malicious to gain short term financial goals. Financial tweaking has been done by them to enhance the performance Enron. Unethical practices such as sale million of dollars stock at a premium price and force employees to do work overtime is done by Enron which is considered as a part of unethical behavior. Due to these huge sales, the prices of stock began to drop. Kenneth Lay is the manager of Enron who promised false commitment to his employees. He is the liable person behind the bankruptcy of Enron. From the mentioned case it has been proved that Kenneth Lay is not a moral manager because of his unethical behavior such as tweaking performance. Apart from that there is another case of Satyam Company which is found in engaged with unethical behavior. It is the company that found in Indias biggest accountancy fraud. It is the case regarding corporate governance and fraudulent auditing practices not only with auditors but also chartered accountant. It is a fraud which is considered as unethical behavior because it misled the market by showing the healthy position of Satyam. It has been made fake invoice and bills to show the well positioned of company in outside. Due to his nature the leader of its company B Ramalinga Raju, his two brothers and seven others to seven years in prison in the fraud case of Satyam. Figure 2: detecting and handling ethical issues Source: (Lefkowitz, 2017). It has been found in survey that if the company handles the situations of ethical issues will be successful in comparison of those companies that detect ethical issues. Formal ethical training is the boon for organization because it enhances the productivity of the employee. An ethical issue is a component of necessity in the organization, there is requirements to handle effectively. A business is considered as ethics if business tries to accomplish the task between pursuing objectives of economics and social obligations. Business ethics is necessary because it helps to develop trust so that an organization can flour profitably and maintain good reputations. Company sounds ethical if the relationship of company with their stakeholders is effective and if their stakeholders have trust on them. It has been observed during research that there must be effective corporate governance to control or remove the unethical issues and their activities. Unethical issues can be bribery, coercion, insider training, conflicts of interest, and unfair discrimination, accumulation of profits and political donations and gifts. Ethical organizations are based on the fair result and principles and behave towards their employee remains equal. There are some categories has been discussed of code of ethics for employees (Trevino and Nelson, 2016). In first category it has been mentioned that employee should be a dependable organization citizen (Mulhearn, Steele, Watts, Medeiros, Mumford and Connelly 2017). In second category of business code of ethics describe that employee of the organization should not do that work which comes under unlawful and unfair. To maintain the business ethics it is necessary for the employee to be good to customers and suppliers. A positive reputation of an organization helps to keep the customers and retain employees. With the help of interesting employees who eager to work with organization can attract a much more eligible pool of potential employees. Employees with effective qualification and experienced can help organization meet its goals in easy manner. Most of the benefits attained from business ethics are the goals of corporate governance ((Ruiz-Palomino and Martnez-Caas, 2014). Thus we can say that business ethics have impact on corporate governance. There are certain steps which is required for effective implementation. Code of ethics should be distributed comprehensively to the employees. Employees of the organization should be assisted in interpr eting and understanding the business ethics code. Management role in the organization should be clear while implementing the ethics of code. Employees of the organization should aware about their responsibility and overall objective of the business code of ethics. Encourage them through providing effective formal ethics training (Capaldi, Schmidpeter, Zu, and Fifka, 2015) Conclusion Thus far, we emphasized ethical behavior within the organization. It has been concluded that we have argued and discussed about ethical behavior and its importance at work. Along with that the discussion on psychology of ethical decision making has been made. To make the relationship outside the organization it is required to focus more explicitly on the bonding between the organization and its external stakeholders. To make the difference between internal organizational ethics and external social responsibility, corporation responsibility is necessary. Ethical reason for corporate social responsibility argues that organization, as a component of society, have to behave ethically. References APS Task Force on Ethics Education, e.d., Ethics case studies, retrieved on 11TH August 2017 from: https://www.aps.org/programs/education/ethics/upload/Ethics-Case-Studies-Teacher-Edition.pdf. Capaldi, N., Schmidpeter, R., Zu, L. and Fifka, M.S., 2015, Dictionary of corporate social responsibility CSR, sustainability, ethics and governance. Delaney, J.T. and Sockell, D., 2012, Do company ethics training programs make a difference? An empirical analysis.Journal of business Ethics,11(9), pp.719-727. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. IBE, 2016, How to build an ethical culture, Retrieved on 5 Aug 2017 from: https://www.ibe.org.uk/how-to-build-an-ethical-culture/76/52. Kaptein, M., 2015, The effectiveness of ethics programs: The role of scope, composition, and sequence,Journal of business ethics,132(2), pp.415-431. Lefkowitz, J., 2017,Ethics and values in industrial-organizational psychology, Taylor Francis. MacDougall, A.E., Bagdasarov, Z., Johnson, J.F. and Mumford, M.D., 2015, Managing workplace ethics: An extended conceptualization of ethical sensemaking and the facilitative role of human resources, InResearch in Personnel and Human Resources Management(pp. 121-189). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Mulhearn, T.J., Steele, L.M., Watts, L.L., Medeiros, K.E., Mumford, M.D. and Connelly, S., 2017, Review of instructional approaches in ethics education,Science and engineering ethics,23(3), pp.883-912. Ruiz-Palomino, P. and Martnez-Caas, R., 2014, Ethical culture, ethical intent, and organizational citizenship behavior: The moderating and mediating role of personorganization fit,Journal of Business Ethics,120(1), pp.95-108. Steele, L.M., Mulhearn, T.J., Medeiros, K.E., Watts, L.L., Connelly, S. and Mumford, M.D., 2016, How do we know what works? A review and critique of current practices in ethics training evaluation,Accountability in research,23(6), pp.319-350. Svensson, G., Wood, G. and Callaghan, M., 2015, Codes of Ethics in Swedens Largest Marketing Corporations: Communicating the Ethos of the Code Within the Organisation. InAssessing the Different Roles of Marketing Theory and Practice in the Jaws of Economic Uncertainty(pp. 338-342), Springer, Cham. Trevino, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., 2016,Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right, John Wiley Sons. Trevio, L.K., den Nieuwenboer, N.A. and Kish-Gephart, J.J, 2014, (Un)ethical behavior in organizations,Annual Review of Psychology,65, pp.635-660. Warren, D.E., Gaspar, J.P. and Laufer, W.S., 2014, Is formal ethics training merely cosmetic? A study of ethics training and ethical organizational culture, Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(1), pp.85-117

Serge Brammertz - On the Capture and Transfer of Ratko Mladic to the International Criminal Tribunal free essay sample

Domestic Violence

Domestic Violence Free Online Research Papers Looking at the statistics of domestic violence, how serious is the problem of domestic violence? Somewhere in America at this very moment, a woman is being abused. Yet, as America progresses through time, no one solution has been proven to significantly reduce the ongoing domestic violence occurrence. Domestic Violence. It shatters lives, destroys families, damages communities and affects every part of our world – and it’s affecting the next generation. Domestic violence can happen to anyone. 4 million American women experience a serious assault by a partner during an average 12-month period (Abuse in America). Domestic violence is a serious crime that often goes unreported by the victim, mostly in fear of even more retaliation. People need to be educated about what domestic violence is, who it affects, the specific types of domestic violence, the cycle of domestic violence, and how people can help if they have a loved one who is experiencing domestic violence. Domestic violence is qualified as violence that occurs within a household, most frequently between spouses, and the husband is most often the instigator of the event. Domestic violence is the willful intimidation, physical assault, battery, sexual assault, and/or other abusive behavior perpetrated by an intimate partner against another. It is an epidemic affecting individuals in every community, regardless of age, economic status, race, religion, nationality or educational background. Violence against women is often accompanied by emotionally abusive and controlling behavior, and thus is part of a systematic pattern of dominance and control. Domestic violence results in physical injury, psychological trauma, and sometimes death. The consequences of domestic violence can cross generations and truly last a lifetime. Domestic violence is definitely on the rise in Louisiana. It seems like every day you are hearing about it on the news or reading it in the newspaper. Not only are you hearing about women being abused, but also about women being murdered or seriously injured by their husbands, boyfriends, ex- husbands, or ex- boyfriends. There are laws in Louisiana for domestic violence that have been enacted to protect the victims of such violence. However, these laws need to be better enforced. Over the last decade in the United States, domestic violence has qualified as a public health epidemic. In fact, The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence indicates that, â€Å"a woman is beaten by her intimate partner every fifteen seconds†. The abuse may be emotional, mental, or physical and done through intentional threats, intimidation, and/or physical violence. Oftentimes, the abuser is the husband and the victim is the wife. Domestic Violence Awareness Month is observed every October nationally by victims, survivors, as well as friends and families of victims and survivors. Precisely so there is a reminder that domestic violence is a crime against a human being. In Louisiana alone, we lead the nation in number of deaths from domestic violence as reported by The Violence Policy Center, based on FBI data. That is not surprising, as the crime of domestic violence happens in Louisiana nearly six times the national average. One in every four women will experience domestic violence in her lifetime. An estimated 1.3 million women are victims of physical assault by an intimate partner each year. 85% of domestic violence victims are women. Historically, females have been most often victimized by someone they knew. Females who are 20-24 years of age are at the greatest risk of nonfatal intimate partner violence. Most cases of domestic violence are never reported to the police. Many times, womens self-esteem is so low as a result of spouse abuse that they are unable to see themselves as worthy of seeking help, or they rationalize the abuse, believing they caused or deserve it. Police complain that often when they arrest an abuser, the victims want them to drop the charges. Victims of domestic violence are reluctant to report abuse. Women very reasonably fear retaliation against themselves and their children by the abuser and fear the economic upheaval that may follow the report. Studies show that the highest risk for serious injury or death from violence in an intimate relationship is at the point of separation or at the time when the decision to separate is made. Threats and violence are control strategies used by the batterer, the womans leaving may threaten his sense of power and increase his need to control the woman and children. When a person wants to protect themselves from their abuser, they are able to obtain a Temporary Restraining Order. In turn, the victim goes to court to get a permanent injunction against the abuser. That document is put in place to offer full protection of abuse to the victim, but more often than not, that document is not being enforced to the fullest extent of the law. With more women than ever being abused and murdered by the hands of their significant other, we need stricter, more enforceable laws. Laws that will put the abuser behind bars, take away some of their rights and privileges, as well as get the abuser the much needed counseling they obviously need. Domestic violence crosses all age, ethnic, socioeconomic, religious, and educational boundaries. There are doctors, ministers, psychologists, police, attorneys, judges, and other professionals who beat their partners. Battering also occurs in same gender relationships. Domestic violence is virtually impossible to measure with absolute precision due to numerous complications including the societal stigma that inhibits victims from disclosing their abuse and the varying definitions of abuse used from study to study. Estimates range from 960,000 incidents of violence against a current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend per year to 3.9 million women who are physically abused per year. Thirty percent of Americans say they know a woman who has been physically abused by her husband or boyfriend in the past year. Abusive relationships can be defined as a relationship in which one partner uses a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors to maintain power and control over the other partner. This includes couples who are married or unmarried, gay or straight. Types of abuse can include physical, emotional, social, economic, and sexual aspects. Does your intimate partner. Insult or drive away your friends or family? Continually criticize you, call you names, shout at you? Ignore your feelings? Use lies and contradictions to manipulate you? Humiliate you in private or public; refuse to socialize with you? Mock or insult your personal beliefs, religion, race, or heritage? Regularly threaten to leave, or tell you to leave? Threaten to get custody of the children? Threaten to kidnap the children? Abandon you in dangerous places? Drive recklessly or force you to drive recklessly? Hide or take away your car keys? Lock you out of your house or apartment? Prevent you from taking medication? Refuse to help you when you are sick, injured, or (if applicable) pregnant? Threaten to, or abuse your loved ones? Threaten to, or abuse your pets? Demand that you account for your daily activities, expenses, travel? Use a hidden tape recorder or camera to spy on you? Stalk you either physically or through e-mail or repeated phone calls or text messages? Check your mail, answering machine, caller ID, e-mail? Insist you dress in a more sexual way than you want? Minimize the importance of your feelings about sex? Become jealously angry, accuse you of sexual activity with others? Insist that you perform sexual acts which make you uncomfortable? Force you to have sex? Forbid you to use protection against sexually transmitted diseases? Forbid you to use birth control? Force you to have sex with others, or force you to watch others having sex? Videotape you during sex? Pressure you to view or read pornography? Force you to incur debt or ruin your credit? Control your money? Hide income, bank accounts or investments? Gamble, borrow money that forces you into debt? Refuse to pay family bills? Force you to sign fraudulent claims, checks, tax returns? Threaten to call your employer and lie about your mental health or personal history? Forbid you to work, go to school, accept a promotion? Force you to regularly be late to work, absent, or leave work early? Corner you, push you, throw you down? Throw things at you? Pull your hair? Slap or grab you? Scratch or bite you? Kick or punch you? Choke you? Threaten to use or use a weapon against you? Inflict any type of physical abuse during pregnancy? Emotional abuse is when an intimate partner has: continually criticized you. called you names or shouted at you. insulted or driven away your friends or family. humiliated you in private or public. kept you from working. controlled your money. made all the decisions. refused to work or to share money. taken car keys or money from you regularly. threatened to leave or told you to leave. threatened to kidnap the children when the abuser was angry with you. abused pets to hurt you. manipulated you with lies and contradictions. Physical abuse is when an intimate partner has: pushed or shoved you. held you to keep you from leaving. slapped or bitten you. kicked or choked you. hit or punched you. thrown objects at you. locked you out of the house. abandoned you in dangerous places. refused to help you when you were sick, injured or pregnant. forced you off the road or driven recklessly. threatened to hurt you with a weapon. Sexual abuse is when an intimate partner has: minimized the importance of your feelings about sex. criticized you sexually. insisted on unwanted or uncomfortable touching. withheld sex and affection. forced sex after physical abuse or when you were sick. raped you. been jealous or angry, assuming you would have sex with anyone. insisted that you dress in a more sexual way than you wanted. The best way to define an abusive relationship is when one partner uses violence to control the other. When a victim lives in constant fear, the abuser is in control. This use of violence is usually part of a pattern that gets worse over time. It has been described as the cycle of violence. Phase 1 Tension Building A victim often senses that the abuser is becoming edgy and more prone to lash out at trivial frustrations. The victim may learn to anticipate abuse and try to control it by being more nurturing and compliant or by simply staying out of the abuser’s way. This phase is marked by many â€Å"minor† abusive actions that gradually increase in severity. Quite often the event which will trigger the battering phase is initiated by the abuser who may make a demand which the victim cannot meet, and responds to her/his refusal or inability to act with explosive behavior. A victim of abuse often accepts the building rage in a partner as being legitimately directed towards her/him. The abused individual internalizes the responsibility of keeping the situation from exploding. If she/he does their job well, the abusive partner will become or remain calm; if she/he fails, the victim believes it is their own fault. A victim who has been battered over time knows that she/he can do nothing to stop the tension from building, but denies this knowledge to help cope with the partners behavior. Phase 2 Acute Battering Incident (Explosive Incident) When the abuser finally explodes, the severity of the assault and where it occurs is impossible to predict. This phase is characterized by explosive and unpredictable rage. This may involve pushing, shoving, shaking, or hair pulling. It may involve hitting with an open hand or a closed fist. It may involve intense yelling and name calling. It may be over in a moment or last for hours. If the assault has been physical, there may be visible injuries, but often an experienced batterer will leave no marks. The attack rarely takes a single consistent form. The attack is followed by shock, denial and disbelief. Most victims consider themselves lucky that it was not worse, no matter how bad their injuries are. They often deny the seriousness of their injuries and refuse to seek medical help if it is needed. The abuser denies violence, and justifies the behavior by saying the original intent was to simply teach the victim a lesson, and she/he just lost control. Phase 3 Aftermath: Loving Respite (Re-engagement Phase) Victims may enter the criminal justice system after an acute battering episode, but after the assault comes a period of calm, loving, contrite behavior. Both the abuser and the victim feel guilty about the event and resolve never to let it happen again. The batterer will very typically treat the victim with apparent respect, love and affection. This is a great relief for the victim and is precisely what was desired from the relationship all along. The abuser apologizes for what happened and asks for forgiveness. The abuser may even believe she/he will not do it again. The abuser promises to control her/himself and will never again hurt the partner she/he loves. An abuser may even agree to go to therapy (but will usually drop out when the relationship resumes the tension building phase). The abuser tells the victim that she/he would fall apart without them, and the victim wants to believe she/he will no longer have to suffer abuse. An abusers reasonableness and loving behavior during this period support the victims wish that the partner can really change. The victim takes responsibility for their abusers well-being and for the abuse. If the victim has made police charges against the reformed partner, she/he may consider dropping them. As long as the abusive partner continues to behave affectionately, the victim becomes increasingly reluctant to jeopardize such good behavior by proceeding with a prosecution or any other consequences to the abuser. Long-term effects of domestic violence on women who have been abused may include: Anxiety Chronic depression Chronic pain Death Dehydration Dissociative states Drug and alcohol dependence Eating disorders Emotional over-reactions to stimuli General emotional numbing Health problems Malnutrition Panic attacks Poor adherence to medical recommendations Poverty Repeated self-injury Self neglect Sexual dysfunction Sleep disorders Somatization disorders Strained family relationships Suicide attempts An inability to adequately respond to the needs of their children In a 1999 study from Johns Hopkins, it was reported that abused women are at higher risk of miscarriages, stillbirths, and infant deaths, and are more likely to give birth to low birth weight children, a risk factor for neonatal and infant deaths. In addition, children of abused women were more likely to be malnourished and were more likely to have had a recent untreated case of diarrhea and less likely to have been immunized against childhood diseases. Most battered women take active steps to protect their children, even if they do not leave their batterer. Domestic violence can severely impair a parents ability to nurture the development of their children. Mothers who are abused may be depressed or preoccupied with the violence. They may be emotionally withdrawn or numb, irritable or have feelings of hopelessness. The result can be a parent who is less emotionally available to their children or unable to care for their childrens basic needs. Battering fathers are less affectionate, less available, and less rational in dealing with their children. Studies even suggest that â€Å"battered women may use more punitive child-rearing strategies or exhibit aggression toward their children.† When children cannot depend on their parents or caregivers for emotional support and for practical support their development can be seriously delayed or, in severe cases, permanently distorted. Children without an emotionally availabl e parent may withdraw from relationships and social activities. Since childhood is the time when social skills and attitudes are learned, domestic violence can affect their ability to form relationships for the rest of their lives. One of the greatest concerns for any victim of violence is how the relationship has affected the children. For any child growing up in a home where violence occurs, the impact is huge. A victim who is not safe, cannot keep the children safe. Parents who have been traumatized by violence must cope with their own trauma before they are able to help their children. The perpetrator may be the child’s own parent, step-parent, an other relative or a domestic partner. There is a high correlation between growing up in an abusive home and becoming either a victim or perpetrator as an adult. The important message here is that witnessing violence affects kids in profound ways that shapes their personality and coping abilities throughout their lives. If your child is watching abuse, get help. If you do nothing, he/she will carry this burden alone throughout his/her own life, and the legacy of violence will pass to the next generation. Every child reacts differently depending on his/her age or temperament, but here are some common responses: Fear: Fear of harm, fear of abandonment, fear of losing family, fear of having to run away. Anger: Anger at the abusive parent for the pervasive violence, anger at the victimized parent for not stopping the abuse, anger at self for not knowing what to do to make things better. Guilt: Guilt because a child feels responsible for the family problems, guilt for loving a parent regardless of the abuse, or guilt for hating a parent who is causing so much pain. Shame: Shame for the family trouble, wondering â€Å"What is wrong with us? Will anyone else find out what is happening? Nobody else knows how this feels.† Confusion : Confusion about why this is happening to the family. â€Å"What can I do to fix it? What is wrong with me?† Powerlessness: Children have no control over any of the circumstances. They are absolutely powerless to change anything. â€Å"I did not choose this family, I cannot choose to leave, I do not want to stay. I don’t know what to do. I just want the bad stuff to stop.† Withdrawal: Kids who are scared and confused can close off relationships and isolate themselves from friends and family. This can lead to problems in school and at home. Aggression: Kids who are scared and angry can strike out and have difficulty managing their own relationships. Fights at school and aggression toward siblings are common. In conclusion, there are different kinds of domestic violence, but all kinds are very hurtful and damaging to a family and it’s members. To stop the violence we must make sure facts and information about violence in homes are well publicized. If they are not the statistics will never change and the amount of domestic violence cases we are seeing today will never drop. Having stricter laws and regulations is important since most abusers are given a slap on the wrist, and it usually does not teach them a lesson at all. All it does is give our society a message that domestic violence is not a major crime and that they can get away with it. When communities can establish policies to arrest abusers, a message is sent from the police to the society that domestic violence is a crime that will and should not be taken lightly. Research Papers on Domestic ViolenceEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetHip-Hop is Art

Standardisation Of 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution Using Lab Report

Standardisation Of 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution Using Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Ammonium Iron (Ii) Sulphate) - Lab Report Example In this experiment, a base (Iron Ammonium Sulphate – FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O Mr=392g/mole) will be added to 0.02moldm-3 Potassium Permanganate Solution. In this experiment Manganese reacts with Iron through a redox process by which electrons are transferred from one to the other. In this experiment, Mn goes from a +7 state (MN+7) to a +2 state (Mn+2) – i.e. each Mn+7 picks up 5 electrons – Mn is reduced. Fe goes from +2 (Fe+2) to +3 (Fe+3) i.e. each Fe+2 loses 1 electron – Fe is oxidized As a result the mole ratio in the reaction is Mn: Fe – 1:5 The point at which the reactants will have completely neutralized each other is the equivalence point. In this experiment, this will be determined by noting the color change of the reactants. Mn+7 are purple. When Fe2+ is added, redox reaction starts making the purple color to disappear due to formation of Mn2+ which is colorless. In the process, the Fe2+ is converted to Fe3+. This happens only when Fe2+ is present. When Fe2+ is used up (at endpoint) the solution will have a permanent pink tinge and this is the point where there is no further addition of permanganate.

Decartes argument on the existence of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decartes argument on the existence of God - Essay Example Descartes thought the only way to attain true knowledge was to depend only on human reasoning while disregarding the role of the senses, if any. â€Å"His philosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integrate philosophy with the ‘new sciences’; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophy and theology. Such new directions of philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionary figure† (Baillet 1693). For this revelation, he is now universally celebrated as the father of modern philosophy. Through this works regarding the development in thought, he was also known as the founder of modern day mathematics and scientific method. In forming his ideas, Descartes wrote many books, including his most well-known, â€Å"Discourse on Method†, first published in 1637, concerning the nature of knowledge and human existence. â€Å"Discourse o n Method† is divided into three sections Descartes described and named ‘meditations.’ It is in the third of these meditations that Descartes reflected upon the true nature of God and determined that He is indeed real and exists more than just in people’s minds. ... â€Å"In this item of first knowledge, there is simply a clear and distinct perception of what I am asserting; this would not be enough to make me certain of the truth of the matter if it could ever turn out that something which I perceived with such clarity and distinctness was false. So I now seem to be able to lay it down as a general rule that whatever I perceived very clearly and distinctly is true† (Descartes, 1637). One of the first notions that he professed in this line of thinking was that he had a fundamental idea that God exists. Descartes’ reasoning that God did indeed exist outside just the mind of man he had to have had a causation of some type because he had previously proven that nothing comes from nothing. Descartes rationalized that this cause must be based at least as much in reality as the idea. However, since he did not think himself infinitely perfect, of course, Descartes rationalized he could not have thought of this idea all on his own therefore there must be an remote cause that is infinitely perfect. Only God is infinitely perfect so God must indeed exist. â€Å"Descartes assumes that we have an idea of God as an actually infinite being, not just a being that is as great as we can imagine by extending the finite perfections of a human being. For this reason, it is impossible for us to have constructed our idea of God through an extension of the idea we have of ourselves or any other finite creature† (Rutherford, 2006). The second argument Descartes’ used to prove God’s existence emanates from his own ability to envision something perfect despite himself being imperfect. This second argument starts with the understanding that he exists – again, â€Å"I

Harmonisation of International Accounting Standards | Essay

Harmonisation of International Accounting Standards | Essay In an increasingly global business environment, issues such as how companies account for their relevant financial positions in different jurisdictions gain greater importance. Many companies are international in their scope with several different subsidiaries in multiple jurisdictions making the interpretation of accounts particularly difficult. Accounting standards in every country are developed with the background of that country’s individual social and economic circumstances, which results in a range of differing standards being developed across the globe[1]. As a result, it is very difficult for accounts to be read accurately and to make suitable financial decisions on investment by entities from other jurisdictions. Comparing performances and consolidating accounts without at least a degree of international harmonisation would prove very difficult, if not impossible. The Importance of Harmonisation As a result of the problems mentioned above, a uniform set of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) have been developed with the view to mitigating or, in some cases, eliminating divergences in the way that accounts are reported in different jurisdictions. It is recognised that a blanket standardisation is simply impossible; countries need the flexibility and freedom to allow influences from their own social and economic backgrounds to come into play. For this reason, a process of harmonisation has been established. By having a guideline for the ways in which companies from different countries must deal with certain corporate issues, it makes the position of managers and investors much easier. Having a foundation of standards allows allocation choices in terms of resources and time to be made across jurisdictions. In order to do this, a like for like comparison must be possible and this can only be achieved with a degree of harmonisation. In particular, the area of taxation has gained a great deal of attention from international accounting standard setters. For example, Financial Reporting Standard 19 states how a company should deal with deferred taxation situations, i.e. where the point of realising the asset and the corresponding liability are different and how this can be accounted for in the company accounts. By ensuring companies across the globe are broadly following the same principles, it is much easier to ascertain the true financial position of the company in question. The International Accounting Standards Board The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) is a wide group of people who are independent and are involved in the development and management of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The work of the IASB is supervised by the International Accounting Standards Committee and has additional support from external advisory committees. In total, there are fourteen board members, representing nine different countries, thus ensuring geographical diversity and representation during the standard setting process. The main work of the IASB is to work with the various different national accounting standard setters in a bid to ensure that there is a worldwide convergence of accounting standards being put in place. As mentioned previously, the aim is not to force nations into following one set of distinct rules, but rather to encourage a union of standards. The work of the IASB has been widely recognised, with more than 100 countries across the world either requiring or at least allowing the use of international accounting standards. This substantially increases the freedom of trade and investment on an international scale. International companies are able to ensure that consolidated accounts are prepared to produce useful and accurate accounts of the way in which the company is performing. This ability to draw accurate comparison is vital for the truly international scope of modern business[2]. Structure and Processes of the IASB Gaining harmonisation and convergence of accounting standards is clearly an important and useful element of international business. Achieving this is, however, a particularly difficult task. No international financial reporting standard can be passed and agreed on without the due process being followed. International agreement is vital, if such convergence is going to be efficiently attained across the globe. The process is carried out in six stages, each of which is open to debate and is overseen by the executive committees. Firstly, the agenda is set. During this process, the IASB will look at the issue being raised, the current approaches being taken by the various different countries and the realistic possibility of achieving greater harmonisation. On the assumption that further harmonisation is thought possible, the IASB will then consider and set out the scope of the international standard that is envisaged. Secondly, the project of establishing the accounting standard is planned fully to ensure the maximum possible buy-in from the various countries. Crucially, at this point, the IASB will decide if it is going to act alone in establishing the standard or whether it requires the assistance of other standard setting bodies[3]. Thirdly, once the project is fully understood, a discussion paper is published. This will state the issues as the IASB sees it and the possible solutions that exist for the problem. This is absolutely crucial. The work of the IASB relies almost entirely upon the agreement of the participating countries and, therefore, opening the discussion up to these countries is vital. Fourthly, once the discussion stage has been duly undertaken, an exposure draft is issued with details of the proposed solution. This is essential as it will be at this point that many countries will raise objections or make further suggestions. Fifthly, all of these processes are put together and the standard itself is drafted and published. It takes into account all comments and issues raised during the discussion paper and exposure draft. Finally, after the standard has been issued, the IASB will review the uptake and the way it has been applied by the various countries. It may be that further amendments or new standards are needed and the process will then restart. The entire process is based on discussion and co-operation, which is vital if any form of harmonisation can be truly efficient[4]. Challenges to Harmonisation Harmonisation is clearly beneficial for international trade and businesses. However, such large scale convergence is going to be difficult to manage and achieve; firstly, as the standards have to be incorporated into the national standards set by every individual country. This requires the relevant countries to be on board and prepared to support the various international standards being developed. Naturally, the support that is being shown for this is different between the various countries, with the more affluent countries being able to comply more readily because of their advanced accounting structure[5]. Secondly, the changing of the way in which accounts are presented is not always a quick or cheap process, which can cause difficulties for some smaller companies. In some cases, the adoption of certain international standards will result in the reported profits of the company falsely appearing substantially lower than the previous year. For this reason, some companies will naturally be slower or more hesitant to adopt the new standards. Where there is resistance, the IASB does not have the power or teeth to enforce the standards. This lack of ability to enforce can ultimately make the process of ensuring total international harmonisation extremely difficult and potentially impossible. Conclusions The IASB plays an absolutely vital role in the move towards gaining an internationally harmonised set of accounting standards. All of the work undertaken by the IASB is mindful of the need to achieve co-operation between all countries and, as such, has been structured in the way that it establishes standards through the process of discussion and explanatory documents, encouraging the accession of all relevant parties, at every step of the way. In doing so, the chances of international harmonisation are much greater and this will bring with it all of the benefits of internationally usable accounts. Bibliography Bazaz, Mohammed S., International Accounting: A Global Perspective, Issues in Accounting Education, Vol. 20, 2005 Collins, Katherine, International Accounting Rate Reform: The Role of International Organizations and Implications for Developing Countries, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, 2000 Fleming, Peter D., The Growing Importance of International Accounting Standards; Arthur R. Wyatt, Chairman of the International Accounting Standards Committee, Heralds International Harmonization, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 172, 1991 Gornik-Tomaszewski, Sylwia, Mccarthy, Irene N., Cooperation between FASB and IASB to Achieve Convergence of Accounting Standards, Review of Business, Vol. 24, 2003 Heely, James A., Nersesian, Roy L. Global Management Accounting: A Guide for Executives of International Corporations, Quorum Books, 1993 Holmes, Geoffrey Andrew, Sugden, Alan, Holmes, Geoffrey, Gee, Paul, Interpreting Company Reports and Accounts, Pearson Education, 2004 Larson, Robert K., An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between International Accounting Standards, Equity Markets and Economic Growth in Developing Countries, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 25, 1994 Nobes, Christopher, Parker, Robert, Comparative International Accounting, Pearson Education, 2006 Rider, Barry, in Villiers, Charlotte (ed.), Corporate Reporting and Company Law, Cambridge University Press, 2006 Rodgers, Paul, International Accounting Standards: From UK Standards to IAS, an Accelerated Route to Understanding the Key Principles of International Accounting Rules, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007 Sale, J. Timothy, Salter, Stephen B, Sharp, David J., Advances in International Accounting, Elsevier, 2004 Schipper, Katherine, Principles-Based Accounting Standards, Accounting Horizons, Vol. 17, 2003 Schwartz, Donald, The Future of Financial Accounting: Universal Standards, Journal of Accountancy, Vol. 181, 1996 van Greuning, Hennie, Koen, Marius, International Accounting Standards: A Practical Guide, World Bank Publications, 2001 Footnotes [1] Holmes, Geoffrey Andrew, Sugden, Alan, Holmes, Geoffrey, Gee, Paul, Interpreting Company Reports and Accounts, Pearson Education, 2004 [2] van Greuning, Hennie, Koen, Marius, International Accounting Standards: A Practical Guide, World Bank Publications, 2001 [3] Collins, Katherine, International Accounting Rate Reform: The Role of International Organizations and Implications for Developing Countries, Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 31, 2000 [4] Rider, Barry in, Villiers, Charlotte (ed.), Corporate Reporting and Company Law, Cambridge University Press, 2006 [5] Rodgers, Paul, International Accounting Standards: From UK Standards to IAS, an Accelerated Route to Understanding the Key Principles of International Accounting Rules, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2007